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Recomendación 1:
Una única dosis terapéutica estándar de antibiótico es suficiente para la profilaxis en la mayoría de circunstancias.
(Recomendación D)

BPC 1:
La decisión final en relación a los beneficios y riesgos de la profilaxis en un paciente individual dependerá de:

• el riesgo del paciente para la infección de sitio quirúrgico (ISQ)
• la potencial severidad de las consecuencias de ISQ
• la efectividad de la profilaxis para una cirugía específica
• las consecuencias de profilaxis en el paciente (por ejemplo, incremento de las infecciones por Clostridium difficile y otros organismos multirresistentes, así como reacciones adversas a medicamentos).

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Recomendación 1:
Los antibióticos elegidos para profilaxis deben cubrir los patógenos esperados en el sitio operatorio.
(Recomendación C)

Recomendación 2:
Al prescribir profilaxis antibiótica a los pacientes que la requieran, siempre se debe considerar el riesgo de infección por Clostridium difficile; así como el mayor riesgo de infección por Clostridium difficile que se asocia a algunos antibióticos (cefalosporinas, fluoroquinolonas, clindamicina, carbapenems).
(Recomendación C)

Recomendación 3:
No se recomienda la profilaxis antibiótica en procedimientos quirúrgicos como única medida de prevención de infecciones urinarias o del tracto respiratorio.
(Recomendación A)

Recomendación 4:
Una dosis única de antibiótico tópico se recomienda para la inserción de un tubo de drenaje timpánico.
(Recomendación B)

Recomendación 5:
Se recomienda profilaxis antibiótica intracámara para cirugía de cataratas.
(Recomendación A)

Recomendación 6:
Se recomienda profilaxis intraocular intracámara o intravítrea al término de la cirugía para lesiones oculares penetrantes (dependiendo de la extensión de la lesión y la presencia o ausencia de un cuerpo extraño intraocular).
(Recomendación B)

Recomendación 7:
No se recomienda el uso rutinario de dispositivos impregnados con antibiótico en neurocirugía.
(Recomendación C)

Recomendación 8:
No se recomienda el uso rutinario de catéteres venosos centrales impregnados con antibióticos.
(Recomendación A)

Recomendación 9:
Para procedimientos quirúrgicos, la profilaxis antibiótica endovenosa se debe administrar dentro de los 60 minutos previos a la incisión dérmica, y lo más cerca posible al momento de la incisión.
(Recomendación B)

Recomendación 10:
En el caso de cesáreas, la profilaxis antibiótica se debe dar antes de la incisión dérmica para reducir complicaciones infecciosas maternas. (Recomendación B)

Recomendación 11:
Se recomienda una dosis única de antibiótico con vida media suficientemente prolongada para estar activo durante la cirugía.
(Recomendación B)

Recomendación 12:
Se recomienda una dosis adicional intra-operatoria de antibiótico para cirugía cardiaca mayor de 4 horas, cuando se use un antibiótico con farmacocinética equivalente a cefazolina.
(Recomendación C)

Recomendación 13:
Se debe considerar hasta 24 horas de profilaxis antibiótica en las artroplastías.
(Recomendación B)

BPC 1:
La elección del antibiótico debe considerar los patrones de resistencia de los patógenos locales.

BPC 2:
Antibióticos de espectro reducido y de menor costo, deberían ser la primera elección para profilaxis durante una cirugía.

BPC 3:
En caso no exista patrones de resistencia de patógenos locales, se revisará las opciones terapéuticas disponibles en el Anexo N°11.

BPC 4:
La profilaxis antibiótica para procedimientos quirúrgicos debe ser administrada por vía endovenosa.

BPC 5:
El encargado de administrar la profilaxis antibiótica endovenosa es el anestesiólogo y debe realizarlo en sala de operaciones. (Considerar los aspectos contenidos en el ítem “Duración de la profilaxis – específico para cirugías”)

BPC 6:
Indicar dosis adicionales de antibiótico para una cirugía más extensa, o agentes de menor duración para mantener actividad durante la cirugía.

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Recomendación 1:
Pacientes con historia de anafilaxis, edema laríngeo, broncoespasmo, hipotensión, edema local, urticaria o rash inmediatamente después de terapia con penicilina están en mayor riesgo potencial de reacciones de sensibilidad inmediata a beta-lactámicos y no deberían recibir profilaxis con un antibiótico beta-lactámico.
(Recomendación C)

Recomendación 2:
Considerar el uso de un glicopéptido para profilaxis antibiótica en pacientes de cirugía de alto riesgo que son portadores de MRSA.
(Recomendación A)

BPC 1:
En pacientes con antecedente de alergia a la penicilina hay que descartar que hayan tenido una reacción adversa no-inmunológica, (diarrea, vómitos, rash maculopapular no específico) o un episodio erróneamente atribuido al antibiótico (ej. ampicilina e infección por virus Epstein-Barr).

BPC 2:
Las políticas locales para profilaxis quirúrgica que recomienden beta-lactámicos como agentes de primera línea deben también recomendar alternativas para pacientes alérgicos a penicilinas o cefalosporinas.

BPC 3:
El ser portador de bacterias multirresistentes debe ser identificado como un riesgo potencial para infección de sitio operatorio en cirugías de alto riesgo (ej. implante ortopédico, válvula cardiaca, injerto o shunt vascular o by-pass coronario).

BPC 4:

Ante sospecha de colonización por bacterias multirresistentes en pacientes programados para cirugía de alto riesgo, incluir las siguientes medidas:

• Realizar evaluación con especialistas (infectólogo) o con el responsable de infecciones del establecimiento de salud
• Tamizaje para los organismos relevantes
• Cambiar el antibiótico de elección para profilaxis.

BPC 5:
Los pacientes portadores de MRSA deben llevar un curso de terapia de erradicación antes de cirugías de alto riesgo.

BPC 6:
En casos que requieren profilaxis antibiótica, los pacientes portadores de MRSA programados para cirugía de alto riesgo deberán recibir un antibiótico con actividad para cepas locales de MRSA.

BPC 7:
Ante pérdidas de volumen intraoperatoria significativa en adultos (> 1500 ml) considerar añadir una dosis de profilaxis antibiótica luego de la terapia de reemplazo de fluidos.

BPC 8:
En caso de pérdidas de volumen intraoperatoria significativa en niños (25 ml/kg) considerar añadir una dosis de profilaxis antibiótica luego de la terapia de reemplazo de fluidos.

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Recomendación 1:
Para reducir la prolongación inapropiada de la profilaxis antibiótica quirúrgica, se debe utilizar formularios de prescripción específicos.
(Recomendación D)

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Recomendación 1:
Se recomienda realizar auditorías en periodos cortos, a intervalos regulares, con retroalimentación de los partícipes del proceso.
(Recomendación D)

BCP 1:
Todos los aspectos de la profilaxis antibiótica, por ejemplo, cuando no se utiliza la profilaxis a pesar de recomendaciones, debe ser claramente reportados en la historia clínica.

BCP 2:
Los protocolos locales deben indicar claramente dónde documentar la profilaxis antibiótica en la historia clínica (ej. la sección “dosis única” del registro de medicamentos, registro de anestesia, o historia clínica).

BPC 3:
Registre el mínimo de datos que sirvan para facilitar la auditoría de la adecuada indicación de profilaxis antibiótica quirúrgica.

BPC 4:
Debe considerarse el uso de procesos estadísticos de control para lograr cambios efectivos.

BPC 5:
Por motivos de auditoría, describir las infecciones de sitio operatorio de acuerdo a los criterios de la Normatividad Institucional vigente.

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BPC 1:
Los profesionales de la salud deben proveer información adecuada a pacientes y proveedores de salud para incrementar el conocimiento y reducir la ansiedad en relación a ISQ.

BPC 2:
Los pacientes colonizados por MRSA u otros agentes multiresistentes deben recibir información sobre los riesgos asociados y sobre las modificaciones a los procedimientos que puedan minimizar estos riesgos.

BPC 3:
Todos los departamentos y servicios quirúrgicos deben tener hojas informativas sobre procedimientos quirúrgicos específicos, dirigidas a los pacientes.

BPC 4:
Los profesionales de la salud deben informar y dar consejería al paciente sobre los riesgos y beneficios de la profilaxis antibiótica para reducir el riesgo de ISQ.

BPC 5:
Los profesionales de la salud deben dar a los pacientes consejería e información sobre el cuidado de la herida operatoria y el monitoreo de signos de infección.

BPC 6:
Se debe contar con hojas informativas locales.

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