DESCARGAR
VERSIÓN EXTENSA
DESCARGAR
ANEXOS
DESCARGAR
VERSIÓN CORTA
DESCARGAR RECOMENDACIONES Y FLUJOGRAMAS
vacio
vacio
Ámbito
- •El ámbito asistencial incluye los servicios de medicina interna, cardiología, radiología con formación en imágenes cardiovasculares, cirugía cardiovascular, en lo que corresponda a cada nivel de atención en EsSalud..
Población y alcance
•Pacientes de 18 años a más con diagnóstico de síndrome coronario crónico asegurados a EsSalud.
Autores
Grupo elaborador de la versión actualizada de la guía (2024)
Expertos clínicos:
- Violeta Illatopa Cerna
Médico cardióloga, Instituto Nacional Cardiovascular “Carlos Alberto Peschiera Carrillo” (INCOR), EsSalud, Lima, Perú - David Germán Gálvez Caballero
Médico cardiólogo, Instituto Nacional Cardiovascular “Carlos Alberto Peschiera Carrillo” (INCOR), EsSalud, Lima, Perú - Cecilia Aurora Cuevas De La Cruz
Médico cardióloga intervencionista, Instituto Nacional Cardiovascular “Carlos Alberto Peschiera Carrillo” (INCOR), EsSalud, Lima, Perú - Gladys Martha Espinoza Rivas
Médico cardióloga, Instituto Nacional Cardiovascular “Carlos Alberto Peschiera Carrillo” (INCOR), EsSalud, Lima, Perú - Aurelio Mendoza Paulini
Médico cardiólogo y especialista en Medicina Nuclear, Instituto Nacional Cardiovascular “Carlos Alberto Peschiera Carrillo” (INCOR), EsSalud, Lima, Perú
Metodólogos:
- Ana Lida Brañez Condorena
Metodóloga, IETSI, EsSalud, Lima, Perú - Mario Enrique Díaz Barrera
Metodólogo, IETSI, EsSalud, Lima, Perú
Coordinadoras del grupo elaborador:
- Joan Caballero Luna
IETSI, EsSalud, Lima, Perú - Fabiola Mercedes Huaroto Ramírez
IETSI, EsSalud, Lima, Perú
Metodología
Resumen de la metodología:
- Conformación del GEG: La Dirección de Guías de Práctica Clínica, Farmacovigilancia y Tecnovigilancia, del Instituto de Evaluación de Tecnologías en Salud e Investigación (IETSI) del Seguro Social del Perú (EsSalud), conformó un grupo elaborador de la guía (GEG), que incluyó médicos especialistas y metodólogos.
- Planteamiento de preguntas clínicas: En concordancia con los objetivos y alcances de esta GPC, se formularon las preguntas clínicas.
- Búsqueda de la evidencia para cada pregunta: Para cada pregunta clínica, se realizaron búsquedas de revisiones sistemáticas (publicadas como artículos científicos o guías de práctica clínica). De no encontrar revisiones de calidad, se buscaron estudios primarios, cuyo riesgo de sesgo fue evaluado usando herramientas estandarizadas.
- Evaluación de la certeza de la evidencia: Para graduar la certeza de la evidencia, se siguió la metodología Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE), y se usaron tablas de Summary of Findings (SoF).
- Formulación de las recomendaciones: El GEG revisó la evidencia recolectada para cada una de las preguntas clínicas en reuniones periódicas, en las que formuló las recomendaciones usando la metodología GRADE, otorgándole una fuerza a cada una. Para ello, se tuvo en consideración los beneficios y daños de las opciones, valores y preferencias de los pacientes, aceptabilidad, factibilidad, equidad y uso de recursos. Estos criterios fueron presentados y discutidos, tomando una decisión por consenso o mayoría simple. Asimismo, el GEG emitió puntos de buenas prácticas clínicas (BPC) sin una evaluación formal de la evidencia, y mayormente en base a su experiencia clínica.
- Revisión externa: La presente GPC fue revisada en reuniones con profesionales representantes de otras instituciones, tomadores de decisiones, y expertos externos.
Flujogramas que resumen el contenido de la GPC
vacio
vacio
1. Participación en decisiones de tratamiento
Descargar PDF con el desarrollo de la pregunta.
Recomendación 1:
Aconseje al paciente sobre la necesidad de cambios en su estilo de vida, incluyendo ejercicio, dejar de fumar, control del peso y consejería nutricional. Ofrezca apoyo psicológico e intervención para el control de factores de riesgo si es necesario.
(BPC)
Recomendación 2:
Eduque al paciente acerca del síndrome coronario crónico, sus síntomas y factores desencadenantes, involucrando a la familia o cuidador en la discusión.
(BPC)
Recomendación 3:
Aborde las necesidades del paciente relacionadas con el síndrome coronario crónico, incluyendo estrategias para regular actividades, orientación sobre ejercicio físico, manejo del estrés y consejería nutricional.
(BPC)
2. Estratificación de riesgo
Descargar PDF con el desarrollo de la pregunta.
Recomendación 1:
Realice la estratificación del riesgo en pacientes con síndrome coronario crónico que presenten factores de riesgo adicionales o síntomas nuevos.
(BPC)
Recomendación 2:
Utilice pruebas funcionales o anatómicas no invasivas, como ecocardiografía por estrés o resonancia magnética cardiaca, según la experiencia y disponibilidad local.
(BPC)
Recomendación 3:
Considere realizar pruebas de estratificación del riesgo de manera periódica y personalizar el manejo según los resultados y el estado clínico del paciente.
(BPC)
3. Tratamiento médico óptimo o revascularización
Descargar PDF con el desarrollo de la pregunta.
Recomendación 1:
Brinde tratamiento médico óptimo en pacientes adultos con síndrome coronario crónico, considerando la adición de revascularización en casos específicos.
(Recomendación condicional, certeza baja)
Recomendación 2:
Promueva el cumplimiento de los 8 objetivos esenciales para mejorar la salud cardiovascular, incluyendo una dieta saludable, actividad física y manejo de peso.
(BPC)
Recomendación 3:
Evalúe la respuesta al tratamiento médico óptimo dentro de un período de 6 semanas a 3 meses, ajustando el plan terapéutico según sea necesario.
(BPC)
4. Nitratos de acción corta en angina
Descargar PDF con el desarrollo de la pregunta.
Recomendación 1:
En pacientes adultos con síndrome coronario crónico, sugiera nitratos de acción corta para el alivio inmediato de la angina y antes de realizar ejercicio físico.
(Recomendación condicional, certeza baja)
Recomendación 2:
Administre nitratos por vía oral en dosis excéntricas para reducir el riesgo de tolerancia.
(BPC)
Recomendación 3:
Aconseje al paciente sobre el reposo físico durante un episodio anginoso y cómo administrar el nitrato sublingual.
(BPC)
5. Antianginosos como manejo inicial
Descargar PDF con el desarrollo de la pregunta.
Recomendación 1:
Sugiera iniciar el tratamiento con un betabloqueador o bloqueador de canales de calcio, considerando las comorbilidades y preferencias del paciente.
(Recomendación condicional, certeza baja)
Recomendación 2:
Evalúe la respuesta al tratamiento dentro de 2-4 semanas y ajuste la dosis según sea necesario.
(BPC)
Recomendación 3:
No añada un tercer medicamento antianginoso en pacientes cuya angina esté controlada con dos medicamentos.
(BPC)
6. Antiagregantes plaquetarios
Descargar PDF con el desarrollo de la pregunta.
Recomendación 1:
Sugiera el uso de ácido acetilsalicílico en dosis bajas (75-100 mg/día) para la prevención de eventos isquémicos, considerando el riesgo de sangrado.
(Recomendación condicional, certeza baja)
Recomendación 2:
Prescriba clopidogrel en pacientes que no toleren el ácido acetilsalicílico.
(BPC)
7. IECA o ARA II en HTA y/o DM
Descargar PDF con el desarrollo de la pregunta.
Recomendación 1:
En pacientes con síndrome coronario crónico, hipertensión y/o diabetes, sugiera brindar inhibidores de la enzima convertidora de angiotensina (IECA).
(Recomendación condicional, certeza baja)
Recomendación 2:
Si el paciente no tolera los IECA, considere administrar antagonistas del receptor de la angiotensina II (ARA-II), ajustando el tratamiento según las características individuales.
(BPC)
8. Estatinas
Descargar PDF con el desarrollo de la pregunta.
Recomendación 1:
En pacientes adultos con síndrome coronario crónico, recomiende el uso de estatinas para alcanzar niveles de colesterol LDL en ayunas < 1,4 mmol/L (< 55 mg/dL) o una reducción del 50% desde el valor inicial.
(Recomendación fuerte, certeza baja)
Recomendación 2:
Discuta los riesgos y beneficios del uso de estatinas con el paciente, teniendo en cuenta la polifarmacia, comorbilidades y cambios en el estilo de vida.
(BPC)
Recomendación 3:
Monitoree las transaminasas hepáticas al iniciar el tratamiento con estatinas y suspenda su uso si los niveles superan 3 veces el límite superior.
(BPC)
9. Omega 3
Descargar PDF con el desarrollo de la pregunta.
Recomendación 1:
Sugiera no usar cápsulas de aceite de pescado (suplementación de omega 3) en pacientes con síndrome coronario crónico, debido a beneficios triviales.
(Recomendación condicional, certeza baja)
10. ICP o CABG
Descargar PDF con el desarrollo de la pregunta.
Recomendación 1:
Utilice el score STS-PROM para estimar el riesgo quirúrgico en pacientes que requieran cirugía de bypass aorto coronario.
(BPC)
Recomendación 2:
Sugiera brindar cirugía de bypass aorto coronario (CABG) en pacientes con enfermedad multivaso y SYNTAX severo (≥ 33 puntos).
(Recomendación condicional, certeza baja)
Recomendación 3:
En pacientes con enfermedad multivaso y SYNTAX leve (≤ 22 puntos), sugiera preferir intervención coronaria percutánea (ICP) sobre CABG.
(Recomendación condicional, certeza baja)
Recomendación 4:
Para pacientes no revascularizables, continúe con tratamiento médico óptimo y ofrezca rehabilitación cardiaca.
(BPC)
Referencias bibliográficas
1. Zellweger MJ, Dubois EA, Lai S, Shaw LJ, Amanullah AM, Lewin HC, et al. Risk stratification in patients with remote prior myocardial infarction using rest-stress myocardial perfusion SPECT: prognostic value and impact on referral to early catheterization. Journal of nuclear cardiology : official publication of the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology. 2002;9(1):23-32.
2. Hachamovitch R, Berman DS, Kiat H, Cohen I, Cabico JA, Friedman J, et al. Exercise myocardial perfusion SPECT in patients without known coronary artery disease: incremental prognostic value and use in risk stratification. Circulation. 1996;93(5):905-14.
3. Senior R, Monaghan M, Becher H, Mayet J, Nihoyannopoulos P. Stress echocardiography for the diagnosis and risk stratification of patients with suspected or known coronary artery disease: a critical appraisal. Supported by the British Society of Echocardiography. Heart (British Cardiac Society). 2005;91(4):427-36.
4. Mazzanti M, Germano G, Kiat H, Kavanagh PB, Alexanderson E, Friedman JD, et al. Identification of severe and extensive coronary artery disease by automatic measurement of transient ischemic dilation of the left ventricle in dual-isotope myocardial perfusion SPECT. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 1996;27(7):1612-20.
5. Abidov A, Bax JJ, Hayes SW, Hachamovitch R, Cohen I, Gerlach J, et al. Transient ischemic dilation ratio of the left ventricle is a significant predictor of future cardiac events in patients with otherwise normal myocardial perfusion SPECT. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2003;42(10):1818-25.
6. Williams KA, Schneider CM. Increased stress right ventricular activity on dual isotope perfusion SPECT: a sign of multivessel and/or left main coronary artery disease. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 1999;34(2):420-7.
7. Instituto de Evaluación de Tecnologías en Salud e Investigación. Guía de Práctica Clínica para el Manejo de pacientes con Angina Estable: Guía en Versión Extensa. Lima: EsSalud; 2018.
8. Instituto de Evaluación de Tecnologías en Salud e Investigación. Guía de Práctica Clínica para el manejo de pacientes con angina estable – Actualización: Guía en Versión Extensa. Lima: EsSalud; 2023.
9. Ueng KC, Chiang CE, Chao TH, Wu YW, Lee WL, Li YH, et al. 2023 Guidelines of the Taiwan Society of Cardiology on the Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Coronary Syndrome. Acta Cardiologica Sinica. 2023;39(1):4-96.
10. Virani SS, Newby LK, Arnold SV, Bittner V, Brewer LC, Demeter SH, et al. 2023 AHA/ACC/ACCP/ASPC/NLA/PCNA Guideline for the Management of Patients With Chronic Coronary Disease: A Report of the American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2023;148(9):e9-e119.
11. Vrints C, Andreotti F, Koskinas KC, Rossello X, Adamo M, Ainslie J, et al. 2024 ESC Guidelines for the management of chronic coronary syndromes. European heart journal. 2024;45(36):3415-537.
12. Zhang S, Chen S, Yang K, Li Y, Yun Y, Zhang X, et al. Minimally Invasive Direct Coronary Artery Bypass Versus Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for Isolated Left Anterior Descending Artery Stenosis: An Updated Meta-Analysis. The heart surgery forum. 2023;26(1):E114-e25.
13. Hennessy C, Henry J, Parameswaran G, Brameier D, Kharbanda R, Myerson S. Percutaneous Coronary Intervention vs. Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting in Left Main Coronary Artery Disease: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cureus. 2023;15(11):e48297.
14. Gallo M, Blitzer D, Laforgia PL, Doulamis IP, Perrin N, Bortolussi G, et al. Percutaneous coronary intervention versus coronary artery bypass graft for left main coronary artery disease: A meta-analysis. The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery. 2022;163(1):94-105.e15.
15. D’Ascenzo F, De Filippo O, Elia E, Doronzo MP, Omedè P, Montefusco A, et al. Percutaneous vs. surgical revascularization for patients with unprotected left main stenosis: a meta-analysis of 5-year follow-up randomized controlled trials. European heart journal Quality of care & clinical outcomes. 2021;7(5):476-85.
16. Akintoye E, Salih M, Olagoke O, Oseni A, Sistla P, Alqasrawi M, et al. Intermediate and Late Outcomes With PCI vs CABG for Left Main Disease – Landmark Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials. Cardiovascular revascularization medicine : including molecular interventions. 2021;23:114-8.
17. Cui KY, Lyu SZ, Song XT, Yuan F, Xu F, Zhang M, et al. Long term outcomes of drug-eluting stent versus coronary artery bypass grafting for left main coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis. Journal of geriatric cardiology : JGC. 2018;15(2):162-72.
18. Sá M, Soares AF, Miranda RGA, Araújo ML, Menezes AM, Silva FPV, et al. CABG Surgery Remains the best Option for Patients with Left Main Coronary Disease in Comparison with PCI-DES: Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Brazilian journal of cardiovascular surgery. 2017;32(5):408-16.
19. Qian C, Feng H, Cao J, Wei B, Wang Y. Meta-Analysis of Randomized Control Trials Comparing Drug-Eluting Stents Versus Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting for Significant Left Main Coronary Narrowing. The American journal of cardiology. 2017;119(9):1338-43.
20. Gao L, Liu Y, Sun Z, Wang Y, Cao F, Chen Y. Percutaneous coronary intervention using drug-eluting stents versus coronary artery bypass graft surgery in left main coronary artery disease an updated meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Oncotarget. 2017;8(39):66449-57.
21. Xie Q, Huang J, Zhu K, Chen Q. Percutaneous coronary intervention versus coronary artery bypass grafting in patients with coronary heart disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Cumulative meta-analysis. Clinical cardiology. 2021;44(7):899-906.
22. Zhai C, Cong H, Hou K, Hu Y, Zhang J, Zhang Y. Clinical outcome comparison of percutaneous coronary intervention and bypass surgery in diabetic patients with coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials and observational studies. Diabetology & metabolic syndrome. 2019;11:110.
23. Thuijs D, Kappetein AP, Serruys PW, Mohr FW, Morice MC, Mack MJ, et al. Percutaneous coronary intervention versus coronary artery bypass grafting in patients with three-vessel or left main coronary artery disease: 10-year follow-up of the multicentre randomised controlled SYNTAX trial. Lancet (London, England). 2019;394(10206):1325-34.
24. Thuijs D, Milojevic M, Stone GW, Puskas JD, Serruys PW, Sabik JF, 3rd, et al. Impact of left ventricular ejection fraction on clinical outcomes after left main coronary artery revascularization: results from the randomized EXCEL trial. European journal of heart failure. 2020;22(5):871-9.
25. Bhandari B, Quintanilla Rodriguez BS, Masood W. Ischemic Cardiomyopathy. [Updated 2023 Jul 31]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-.
26. Gillen C, Goyal A. Stable Angina. [Updated 2022 Dec 19]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-.
27. Brouwers MC, Kho ME, Browman GP, Burgers JS, Cluzeau F, Feder G, et al. AGREE II: advancing guideline development, reporting and evaluation in health care. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 2010;182(18):E839-E42.
28. Ministerio de Salud. Documento técnico: Metodología para la de documento técnico elaboración guías de practica clínica. Lima, Perú: MINSA; 2015.
29. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Stable angina. NICE 2011-2016 Nov:CG172 PDF.
30. Shea BJ, Reeves BC, Wells G, Thuku M, Hamel C, Moran J, et al. AMSTAR 2: a critical appraisal tool for systematic reviews that include randomised or non-randomised studies of healthcare interventions, or both. BMJ (Clinical research ed). 2017;358:j4008.
31. Higgins JP, Altman DG, Gøtzsche PC, Jüni P, Moher D, Oxman AD, et al. The Cochrane Collaboration’s tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ (Clinical research ed). 2011;343:d5928.
32. Wells GA, Wells G, Shea B, Shea B, O’Connell D, Peterson J, et al., editors. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for Assessing the Quality of Nonrandomised Studies in Meta-Analyses2014.
33. Andrews JC, Schünemann HJ, Oxman AD, Pottie K, Meerpohl JJ, Coello PA, et al. GRADE guidelines: 15. Going from evidence to recommendation—determinants of a recommendation’s direction and strength. Journal of clinical epidemiology. 2013;66(7):726-35.
34. Andrews J, Guyatt G, Oxman AD, Alderson P, Dahm P, Falck-Ytter Y, et al. GRADE guidelines: 14. Going from evidence to recommendations: the significance and presentation of recommendations. Journal of clinical epidemiology. 2013;66(7):719-25.
35. Valgimigli M, Biscaglia S. Stable angina pectoris. Current atherosclerosis reports. 2014;16(7):422.
36. McGillion MH, Watt-Watson JH, Kim J, Graham A. Learning by heart: a focused group study to determine the self-management learning needs of chronic stable angina patients. Canadian journal of cardiovascular nursing = Journal canadien en soins infirmiers cardio-vasculaires. 2004;14(2):12-22.
37. Pier C, Shandley KA, Fisher JL, Burstein F, Nelson MR, Piterman L. Identifying the health and mental health information needs of people with coronary heart disease, with and without depression. The Medical journal of Australia. 2008;188(S12):S142-4.
38. Weetch RM. Patient satisfaction with information received after a diagnosis of angina. Professional nurse (London, England). 2003;19(3):150-3.
39. Karlik BA, Yarcheski A, Braun J, Wu M. Learning needs of patients with angina: an extension study. The Journal of cardiovascular nursing. 1990;4(2):70-82.
40. Shi W, Ghisi GLM, Zhang L, Hyun K, Pakosh M, Gallagher R. A systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression of patient education for secondary prevention in patients with coronary heart disease: impact on psychological outcomes. European journal of cardiovascular nursing. 2022;21(7):643-54.
41. Guo L, Gao W, Wang T, Shan X. Effects of empowerment education on patients after percutaneous coronary intervention: A meta-analysis and systematic review. Medicine. 2023;102(23):e33992.
42. Knuuti J, Wijns W, Saraste A, Capodanno D, Barbato E, Funck-Brentano C, et al. 2019 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of chronic coronary syndromes. European heart journal. 2020;41(3):407-77.
43. Nakano S, Kohsaka S, Chikamori T, Fukushima K, Kobayashi Y, Kozuma K, et al. JCS 2022 Guideline Focused Update on Diagnosis and Treatment in Patients With Stable Coronary Artery Disease. Circulation Journal. 2022;86(5):882-915.
44. Hoffmann U, Ferencik M, Udelson JE, Picard MH, Truong QA, Patel MR, et al. Prognostic Value of Noninvasive Cardiovascular Testing in Patients With Stable Chest Pain: Insights From the PROMISE Trial (Prospective Multicenter Imaging Study for Evaluation of Chest Pain). Circulation. 2017;135(24):2320-32.
45. Bettencourt N, Mendes L, Fontes JP, Matos P, Ferreira C, Botelho A, et al. Consensus document on chronic coronary syndrome assessment and risk stratification in Portugal: A position paper statement from the [Portuguese Society of Cardiology’s] Working Groups on Nuclear Cardiology, Magnetic Resonance and Cardiac Computed Tomography, Echocardiography, and Exercise Physiology and Cardiac Rehabilitation. Revista portuguesa de cardiologia : orgao oficial da Sociedade Portuguesa de Cardiologia = Portuguese journal of cardiology : an official journal of the Portuguese Society of Cardiology. 2022;41(3):241-51.
46. Knuuti J, Ballo H, Juarez-Orozco LE, Saraste A, Kolh P, Rutjes AWS, et al. The performance of non-invasive tests to rule-in and rule-out significant coronary artery stenosis in patients with stable angina: a meta-analysis focused on post-test disease probability. European heart journal. 2018;39(35):3322-30.
47. Shaw LJ, Peterson ED, Shaw LK, Kesler KL, DeLong ER, Harrell FE, Jr., et al. Use of a prognostic treadmill score in identifying diagnostic coronary disease subgroups. Circulation. 1998;98(16):1622-30.
48. Matta M, Harb SC, Cremer P, Hachamovitch R, Ayoub C. Stress testing and noninvasive coronary imaging: What’s the best test for my patient? Cleveland Clinic journal of medicine. 2021;88(9):502-15.
49. Fowler-Brown A, Pignone M, Pletcher M, Tice JA, Sutton SF, Lohr KN. Exercise tolerance testing to screen for coronary heart disease: a systematic review for the technical support for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Annals of internal medicine. 2004;140(7):W9-24.
50. Sun Y, Li W, Yin L, Wei L, Wang Y. Diagnostic accuracy of treadmill exercise tests among Chinese women with coronary artery diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International journal of cardiology. 2017;227:894-900.
51. Banerjee A, Newman DR, Van den Bruel A, Heneghan C. Diagnostic accuracy of exercise stress testing for coronary artery disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. International journal of clinical practice. 2012;66(5):477-92.
52. Yao SS, Bangalore S, Chaudhry FA. Prognostic implications of stress echocardiography and impact on patient outcomes: an effective gatekeeper for coronary angiography and revascularization. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography. 2010;23(8):832-9.
53. Chaowalit N, Arruda AL, McCully RB, Bailey KR, Pellikka PA. Dobutamine stress echocardiography in patients with diabetes mellitus: enhanced prognostic prediction using a simple risk score. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2006;47(5):1029-36.
54. Chuah S-C, Pellikka PA, Roger VL, McCully RB, Seward JB. Role of Dobutamine Stress Echocardiography in Predicting Outcome in 860 Patients With Known or Suspected Coronary Artery Disease. Circulation. 1998;97(15):1474-80.
55. Sicari R, Pasanisi E, Venneri L, Landi P, Cortigiani L, Picano E. Stress echo results predict mortality: a large-scale multicenter prospective international study. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2003;41(4):589-95.
56. Kumar A, Doshi R, Khan SU, Shariff M, Baby J, Majmundar M, et al. Revascularization or Optimal Medical Therapy for Stable Ischemic Heart Disease: A Bayesian Meta-Analysis of Contemporary Trials. Cardiovascular revascularization medicine : including molecular interventions. 2022;40:42-7.
57. Hachamovitch R, Hayes SW, Friedman JD, Cohen I, Berman DS. Comparison of the short-term survival benefit associated with revascularization compared with medical therapy in patients with no prior coronary artery disease undergoing stress myocardial perfusion single photon emission computed tomography. Circulation. 2003;107(23):2900-7.
58. Abidov A, Bax JJ, Hayes SW, Cohen I, Nishina H, Yoda S, et al. Integration of automatically measured transient ischemic dilation ratio into interpretation of adenosine stress myocardial perfusion SPECT for detection of severe and extensive CAD. Journal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine. 2004;45(12):1999-2007.
59. Hachamovitch R, Kang X, Amanullah AM, Abidov A, Hayes SW, Friedman JD, et al. Prognostic implications of myocardial perfusion single-photon emission computed tomography in the elderly. Circulation. 2009;120(22):2197-206.
60. Boden WE, O’Rourke RA, Teo KK, Hartigan PM, Maron DJ, Kostuk WJ, et al. Optimal medical therapy with or without PCI for stable coronary disease. The New England journal of medicine. 2007;356(15):1503-16.
61. Maron DJ, Hochman JS, Reynolds HR, Bangalore S, O’Brien SM, Boden WE, et al. Initial Invasive or Conservative Strategy for Stable Coronary Disease. The New England journal of medicine. 2020;382(15):1395-407.
62. Ricci F, Khanji MY, Bisaccia G, Cipriani A, Di Cesare A, Ceriello L, et al. Diagnostic and Prognostic Value of Stress Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Patients With Known or Suspected Coronary Artery Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA cardiology. 2023;8(7):662-73.
63. Vincenti G, Masci PG, Monney P, Rutz T, Hugelshofer S, Gaxherri M, et al. Stress Perfusion CMR in Patients With Known and Suspected CAD: Prognostic Value and Optimal Ischemic Threshold for Revascularization. JACC: Cardiovascular Imaging. 2017;10(5):526-37.
64. Shaw LJ, Berman DS, Picard MH, Friedrich MG, Kwong RY, Stone GW, et al. Comparative Definitions for Moderate-Severe Ischemia in Stress Nuclear, Echocardiography, and Magnetic Resonance Imaging. JACC: Cardiovascular Imaging. 2014;7(6):593-604.
65. Cury RC, Leipsic J, Abbara S, Achenbach S, Berman D, Bittencourt M, et al. CAD-RADS™ 2.0 – 2022 Coronary Artery Disease-Reporting and Data System: An Expert Consensus Document of the Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography (SCCT), the American College of Cardiology (ACC), the American College of Radiology (ACR), and the North America Society of Cardiovascular Imaging (NASCI). Journal of cardiovascular computed tomography. 2022;16(6):536-57.
66. Ahmadzadeh K, Roshdi Dizaji S, Kiah M, Rashid M, Miri R, Yousefifard M. The value of Coronary Artery Disease – Reporting and Data System (CAD-RADS) in Outcome Prediction of CAD Patients; a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Archives of academic emergency medicine. 2023;11(1):e45.
67. Iaconelli A, Pellicori P, Dolce P, Busti M, Ruggio A, Aspromonte N, et al. Coronary revascularization for heart failure with coronary artery disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. European journal of heart failure. 2023;25(7):1094-104.
68. Taglieri N, Bacchi Reggiani ML, Ghetti G, Saia F, Dall’Ara G, Gallo P, et al. Risk of Stroke in Patients with Stable Coronary Artery Disease Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention versus Optimal Medical Therapy: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. PloS one. 2016;11(7):e0158769.
69. Davari M, Sorato MM, Fatemi B, Rezaei S, Sanei H. Medical therapy versus percutaneous coronary intervention or coronary artery bypass graft in stable coronary artery disease; a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. ARYA atherosclerosis. 2022;18(3):1-12.
70. Pursnani S, Korley F, Gopaul R, Kanade P, Chandra N, Shaw RE, et al. Percutaneous coronary intervention versus optimal medical therapy in stable coronary artery disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Circulation Cardiovascular interventions. 2012;5(4):476-90.
71. Folland ED, Hartigan PM, Parisi AF. Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty versus medical therapy for stable angina pectoris: outcomes for patients with double-vessel versus single-vessel coronary artery disease in a Veterans Affairs Cooperative randomized trial. Veterans Affairs ACME InvestigatorS. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 1997;29(7):1505-11.
72. Hartigan PM, Giacomini JC, Folland ED, Parisi AF. Two- to three-year follow-up of patients with single-vessel coronary artery disease randomized to PTCA or medical therapy (results of a VA cooperative study). Veterans Affairs Cooperative Studies Program ACME Investigators. Angioplasty Compared to Medicine. The American journal of cardiology. 1998;82(12):1445-50.
73. Hueb W, Lopes NH, Gersh BJ, Soares P, Machado LA, Jatene FB, et al. Five-year follow-up of the Medicine, Angioplasty, or Surgery Study (MASS II): a randomized controlled clinical trial of 3 therapeutic strategies for multivessel coronary artery disease. Circulation. 2007;115(9):1082-9.
74. Lopez-Sendon JL, Cyr DD, Mark DB, Bangalore S, Huang Z, White HD, et al. Effects of initial invasive vs. initial conservative treatment strategies on recurrent and total cardiovascular events in the ISCHEMIA trial. European heart journal. 2022;43(2):148-9.
75. Rezende PC, Hueb W, Garzillo CL, Lima EG, Hueb AC, Ramires JA, et al. Ten-year outcomes of patients randomized to surgery, angioplasty, or medical treatment for stable multivessel coronary disease: effect of age in the Medicine, Angioplasty, or Surgery Study II trial. The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery. 2013;146(5):1105-12.
76. American Heart Association. Life’s Essential 8: Your checklist for lifelong good health [Internet]. Dallas: American Heart Association.
77. Bruyne BD, Pijls NHJ, Kalesan B, Barbato E, Tonino PAL, Piroth Z, et al. Fractional Flow Reserve–Guided PCI versus Medical Therapy in Stable Coronary Disease. New England Journal of Medicine. 2012;367(11):991-1001.
78. Lairikyengbam SK, Davies AG. Interpreting exercise treadmill tests needs scoring system. BMJ (Clinical research ed). 2002;325(7361):443.
79. Yao SS, Qureshi E, Sherrid MV, Chaudhry FA. Practical applications in stress echocardiography: risk stratification and prognosis in patients with known or suspected ischemic heart disease. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2003;42(6):1084-90.
80. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence: Guidelines. Recent-onset chest pain of suspected cardiac origin: assessment and diagnosis. London: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)
Copyright © NICE 2020.; 2016.
81. Kattus AA, Alvaro AB, Zohman LR, Coulson AH. Comparison of placebo, nitroglycerin, and isosorbide dinitrate for effectiveness of relief of angina and duration of action. Chest. 1979;75(1):17-23.
82. Aronow WS, Chesluk HM. Sublingual isosorbide dinitrate therapy versus sublingual acebo in angina pectoris. Circulation. 1970;41(5):869-74.
83. Mangione NJ, Glasser SP. Phenomenon of nitrate tolerance. American Heart Journal. 1994;128(1):137-46.
84. AHFS Drug Information 2017. McEvoy GK, ed. Propranolol. Bethesda, MD: American Society of Health-System Pharmacists; 2017.
85. Murdoch D, Heel RC. Amlodipine. A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and therapeutic use in cardiovascular disease. Drugs. 1991;41(3):478-505.
86. AHFS drug information 2017. McEvoy GK, ed. Nitrates and Nitrites General Statement. Bethesda, MD: American Society of Health-System Pharmacists; 2017.
87. Shu de F, Dong BR, Lin XF, Wu TX, Liu GJ. Long-term beta blockers for stable angina: systematic review and meta-analysis. European journal of preventive cardiology. 2012;19(3):330-41.
88. Belsey J, Savelieva I, Mugelli A, Camm AJ. Relative efficacy of antianginal drugs used as add-on therapy in patients with stable angina: A systematic review and meta-analysis. European journal of preventive cardiology. 2015;22(7):837-48.
89. Turgeon RD, Pearson GJ, Graham MM. Pharmacologic Treatment of Patients With Myocardial Ischemia With No Obstructive Coronary Artery Disease. The American journal of cardiology. 2018;121(7):888-95.
90. Morse JR, Nesto RW. Double-blind crossover comparison of the antianginal effects of nifedipine and isosorbide dinitrate in patients with exertional angina receiving propranolol. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 1985;6(6):1395-401.
91. Eikelboom JW, Hirsh J, Spencer FA, Baglin TP, Weitz JI. Antiplatelet drugs: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest. 2012;141(2 Suppl):e89S-e119S.
92. Lewis HD, Jr., Davis JW, Archibald DG, Steinke WE, Smitherman TC, Doherty JE, 3rd, et al. Protective effects of aspirin against acute myocardial infarction and death in men with unstable angina. Results of a Veterans Administration Cooperative Study. The New England journal of medicine. 1983;309(7):396-403.
93. Snow V, Barry P, Fihn SD, Gibbons RJ, Owens DK, Williams SV, et al. Primary care management of chronic stable angina and asymptomatic suspected or known coronary artery disease: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians. Annals of internal medicine. 2004;141(7):562-7.
94. Juul-Möller S, Edvardsson N, Jahnmatz B, Rosén A, Sørensen S, Omblus R. Double-blind trial of aspirin in primary prevention of myocardial infarction in patients with stable chronic angina pectoris. The Swedish Angina Pectoris Aspirin Trial (SAPAT) Group. Lancet (London, England). 1992;340(8833):1421-5.
95. Ridker PM, Manson JE, Gaziano JM, Buring JE, Hennekens CH. Low-dose aspirin therapy for chronic stable angina. A randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Annals of internal medicine. 1991;114(10):835-9.
96. National Clinical Guideline C. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence: Clinical Guidelines. MI – Secondary Prevention: Secondary Prevention in Primary and Secondary Care for Patients Following a Myocardial Infarction: Partial Update of NICE CG48. London: Royal College of Physicians (UK)
Copyright © 2013, National Clinical Guideline Centre.; 2013.
97. Bangalore S, Fakheri R, Wandel S, Toklu B, Wandel J, Messerli FH. Renin angiotensin system inhibitors for patients with stable coronary artery disease without heart failure: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. BMJ (Clinical research ed). 2017;356:j4.
98. Ong HT, Ong LM, Ho JJ. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (ACEIs) and Angiotensin-Receptor Blockers (ARBs) in Patients at High Risk of Cardiovascular Events: A Meta-Analysis of 10 Randomised Placebo-Controlled Trials. ISRN cardiology. 2013;2013:478597.
99. Michelsen MM, Rask AB, Suhrs E, Raft KF, Høst N, Prescott E. Effect of ACE-inhibition on coronary microvascular function and symptoms in normotensive women with microvascular angina: A randomized placebo-controlled trial. PloS one. 2018;13(6):e0196962.
100. Mills EJ, Wu P, Chong G, Ghement I, Singh S, Akl EA, et al. Efficacy and safety of statin treatment for cardiovascular disease: a network meta-analysis of 170,255 patients from 76 randomized trials. QJM : monthly journal of the Association of Physicians. 2011;104(2):109-24.
101. Naci H, Brugts JJ, Fleurence R, Tsoi B, Toor H, Ades AE. Comparative benefits of statins in the primary and secondary prevention of major coronary events and all-cause mortality: a network meta-analysis of placebo-controlled and active-comparator trials. European journal of preventive cardiology. 2013;20(4):641-57.
102. Lu Y, Cheng Z, Zhao Y, Chang X, Chan C, Bai Y, et al. Efficacy and safety of long-term treatment with statins for coronary heart disease: A Bayesian network meta-analysis. Atherosclerosis. 2016;254:215-27.
103. Pedersen TR, Berg K, Cook TJ, Faergeman O, Haghfelt T, Kjekshus J, et al. Safety and tolerability of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin during 5 years in the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study. Archives of internal medicine. 1996;156(18):2085-92.
104. Randomised trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Lancet (London, England). 1994;344(8934):1383-9.
105. Athyros VG, Papageorgiou AA, Mercouris BR, Athyrou VV, Symeonidis AN, Basayannis EO, et al. Treatment with atorvastatin to the National Cholesterol Educational Program goal versus ‘usual’ care in secondary coronary heart disease prevention. The GREek Atorvastatin and Coronary-heart-disease Evaluation (GREACE) study. Current medical research and opinion. 2002;18(4):220-8.
106. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence: Guidelines. Cardiovascular disease: risk assessment and reduction, including lipid modification. London: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)
Copyright © NICE 2023.; 2023.
107. Grundy SM, Stone NJ, Bailey AL, Beam C, Birtcher KK, Blumenthal RS, et al. 2018 AHA/ACC/AACVPR/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/ADA/AGS/APhA/ASPC/NLA/PCNA Guideline on the Management of Blood Cholesterol: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2019;73(24):3168-209.
108. Salachas A, Papadopoulos C, Sakadamis G, Styliadis J, Voudris V, Oakley D, et al. Effects of a low-dose fish oil concentrate on angina, exercise tolerance time, serum triglycerides, and platelet function. Angiology. 1994;45(12):1023-31.
109. Wu G, Ji Q, Huang H, Zhu X. The efficacy of fish oil in preventing coronary heart disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine. 2021;100(37):e27253.
110. Cartlidge T, Kovacevic M, Navarese EP, Werner G, Kunadian V. Role of percutaneous coronary intervention in the modern-day management of chronic coronary syndrome. Heart. 2023;109(19):1429-35.
111. Aroesty JM. Patient education: Coronary artery bypass graft surgery (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate [Internet]. [cited 2024 Nov 18].
112. Popova NV, Popov VA, Revishvili AS. Coronary Revascularization in Stable Coronary Artery Disease. State of the Art. J Updates Cardiovasc Med. 2023;11(4):127-138. doi:10.32596/ejcm.galenos.2024.2023-6-19.
113. Thiele H, Neumann-Schniedewind P, Jacobs S, Boudriot E, Walther T, Mohr FW, et al. Randomized comparison of minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass surgery versus sirolimus-eluting stenting in isolated proximal left anterior descending coronary artery stenosis. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2009;53(25):2324-31.
114. Blazek S, Rossbach C, Borger MA, Fuernau G, Desch S, Eitel I, et al. Comparison of sirolimus-eluting stenting with minimally invasive bypass surgery for stenosis of the left anterior descending coronary artery: 7-year follow-up of a randomized trial. JACC Cardiovascular interventions. 2015;8(1 Pt A):30-8.
115. Hong SJ, Lim DS, Seo HS, Kim YH, Shim WJ, Park CG, et al. Percutaneous coronary intervention with drug-eluting stent implantation vs. minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass (MIDCAB) in patients with left anterior descending coronary artery stenosis. Catheterization and cardiovascular interventions : official journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions. 2005;64(1):75-81.
116. Park DW, Ahn JM, Park H, Yun SC, Kang DY, Lee PH, et al. Ten-Year Outcomes After Drug-Eluting Stents Versus Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting for Left Main Coronary Disease: Extended Follow-Up of the PRECOMBAT Trial. Circulation. 2020;141(18):1437-46.
117. Kapur A, Hall RJ, Malik IS, Qureshi AC, Butts J, de Belder M, et al. Randomized comparison of percutaneous coronary intervention with coronary artery bypass grafting in diabetic patients. 1-year results of the CARDia (Coronary Artery Revascularization in Diabetes) trial. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2010;55(5):432-40.
118. Milojevic M, Serruys PW, Sabik JF, 3rd, Kandzari DE, Schampaert E, van Boven AJ, et al. Bypass Surgery or Stenting for Left Main Coronary Artery Disease in Patients With Diabetes. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2019;73(13):1616-28.
119. Farkouh ME, Domanski M, Sleeper LA, Siami FS, Dangas G, Mack M, et al. Strategies for multivessel revascularization in patients with diabetes. The New England journal of medicine. 2012;367(25):2375-84.
120. Kappetein AP, Head SJ, Morice MC, Banning AP, Serruys PW, Mohr FW, et al. Treatment of complex coronary artery disease in patients with diabetes: 5-year results comparing outcomes of bypass surgery and percutaneous coronary intervention in the SYNTAX trial. European journal of cardio-thoracic surgery : official journal of the European Association for Cardio-thoracic Surgery. 2013;43(5):1006-13.
121. Kamalesh M, Sharp TG, Tang XC, Shunk K, Ward HB, Walsh J, et al. Percutaneous coronary intervention versus coronary bypass surgery in United States veterans with diabetes. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2013;61(8):808-16.
122. Mohr FW, Morice MC, Kappetein AP, Feldman TE, Ståhle E, Colombo A, et al. Coronary artery bypass graft surgery versus percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with three-vessel disease and left main coronary disease: 5-year follow-up of the randomised, clinical SYNTAX trial. Lancet (London, England). 2013;381(9867):629-38.
123. Velazquez EJ, Lee KL, Deja MA, Jain A, Sopko G, Marchenko A, et al. Coronary-artery bypass surgery in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. The New England journal of medicine. 2011;364(17):1607-16.
124. Velazquez EJ, Lee KL, Jones RH, Al-Khalidi HR, Hill JA, Panza JA, et al. Coronary-Artery Bypass Surgery in Patients with Ischemic Cardiomyopathy. The New England journal of medicine. 2016;374(16):1511-20.
125. Perera D, Clayton T, O’Kane PD, Greenwood JP, Weerackody R, Ryan M, et al. Percutaneous Revascularization for Ischemic Left Ventricular Dysfunction. The New England journal of medicine. 2022;387(15):1351-60.
126. O’Brien SM, Feng L, He X, Xian Y, Jacobs JP, Badhwar V, et al. The Society of Thoracic Surgeons 2018 Adult Cardiac Surgery Risk Models: Part 2-Statistical Methods and Results. The Annals of thoracic surgery. 2018;105(5):1419-28.
127. Shahian DM, Jacobs JP, Badhwar V, Kurlansky PA, Furnary AP, Cleveland JC, Jr., et al. The Society of Thoracic Surgeons 2018 Adult Cardiac Surgery Risk Models: Part 1-Background, Design Considerations, and Model Development. The Annals of thoracic surgery. 2018;105(5):1411-8.
128. Lawton JS, Tamis-Holland JE, Bangalore S, Bates ER, Beckie TM, Bischoff JM, et al. 2021 ACC/AHA/SCAI Guideline for Coronary Artery Revascularization: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2022;145(3):e4-e17.
129. Sianos G, Morel MA, Kappetein AP, Morice MC, Colombo A, Dawkins K, et al. The SYNTAX Score: an angiographic tool grading the complexity of coronary artery disease. EuroIntervention : journal of EuroPCR in collaboration with the Working Group on Interventional Cardiology of the European Society of Cardiology. 2005;1(2):219-27.
130. Byrne RA, Fremes S, Capodanno D, Czerny M, Doenst T, Emberson JR, et al. 2022 Joint ESC/EACTS review of the 2018 guideline recommendations on the revascularization of left main coronary artery disease in patients at low surgical risk and anatomy suitable for PCI or CABG. European heart journal. 2023;44(41):4310-20.
131. De Filippo O, Di Franco A, Boretto P, Bruno F, Cusenza V, Desalvo P, et al. Percutaneous coronary intervention versus coronary artery surgery for left main disease according to lesion site: A meta-analysis. The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery. 2023;166(1):120-32.e11.
132. Dimagli A, Soletti G, Jr., Harik L, Perezgrovas Olaria R, Cancelli G, An KR, et al. Angiographic Outcomes for Arterial and Venous Conduits Used in CABG. Journal of clinical medicine. 2023;12(5).
133. Kipp R, Lehman J, Israel J, Edwards N, Becker T, Raval AN. Patient preferences for coronary artery bypass graft surgery or percutaneous intervention in multivessel coronary artery disease. Catheterization and cardiovascular interventions : official journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions. 2013;82(2):212-8.
134. Whitney SN, McGuire AL, McCullough LB. A typology of shared decision making, informed consent, and simple consent. Annals of internal medicine. 2004;140(1):54-9.
135. Dalal HM, Doherty P, Taylor RS. Cardiac rehabilitation. BMJ (Clinical research ed). 2015;351:h5000.
136. Thomas RJ, Balady G, Banka G, Beckie TM, Chiu J, Gokak S, et al. 2018 ACC/AHA Clinical Performance and Quality Measures for Cardiac Rehabilitation: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Performance Measures. Circulation Cardiovascular quality and outcomes. 2018;11(4):e000037.
Si tienes comentarios sobre el contenido de las guías de práctica clínica, puedes comunicarte con IETSI-EsSalud enviando un correo: gpcdireccion.ietsi@essalud.gob.pe

SUGERENCIAS
Si has encontrado un error en esta página web o tienes alguna sugerencia para su mejora, puedes comunicarte con EviSalud enviando un correo a evisalud@gmail.com